Neonatal Diabetes (नवजात शिशु मधुमेह) एक rare form of diabetes है जो जन्म के पहले 6 महीनों में शिशुओं में विकसित होता है।
- यह स्थिति insulin deficiency के कारण होती है।
- Type 1 diabetes के विपरीत, यह autoimmune नहीं होती, बल्कि ज्यादातर genetic mutations के कारण होती है।
- दो प्रकार की होती है:
- Transient Neonatal Diabetes (TNDM) – कुछ महीनों या सालों में spontaneous remission हो जाती है।
- Permanent Neonatal Diabetes (PNDM) – lifelong insulin therapy की जरूरत होती है।
Neonatal Diabetes क्या है (What is Neonatal Diabetes)
- Rare monogenic diabetes affecting newborns
- Blood sugar levels persistently high within first 6 months of life
- Can cause poor growth, dehydration, and developmental delay if untreated
- Often caused by mutations in genes like KCNJ11, ABCC8, INS
Neonatal Diabetes कारण (Causes of Neonatal Diabetes)
1. Genetic Mutations
- KCNJ11 – most common, affects potassium channel in pancreas
- ABCC8 – sulfonylurea-responsive diabetes
- INS gene mutation – affects insulin production
2. Chromosomal Abnormalities
- 6q24 region abnormalities – associated with Transient Neonatal Diabetes
3. Other Rare Causes
- Syndromic forms – associated with developmental delay or pancreatic agenesis
Environmental factors generally minor; mostly monogenic cause।
Neonatal Diabetes लक्षण (Symptoms of Neonatal Diabetes)
- Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Dehydration and thirst (polydipsia)
- Poor feeding and weight loss
- Vomiting
- Rare: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in severe cases
Early recognition crucial for preventing complications।
Neonatal Diabetes कैसे पहचाने (Diagnosis of Neonatal Diabetes)
- Blood Tests – high blood glucose, low insulin and C-peptide levels
- Urine Tests – glucose in urine
- Genetic Testing – identify mutations in KCNJ11, ABCC8, INS, 6q24
- Family History – may indicate monogenic inheritance
- Monitor Growth & Development – failure to thrive often present
Genetic diagnosis helps in treatment planning (insulin vs sulfonylureas)।
Neonatal Diabetes इलाज (Treatment of Neonatal Diabetes)
1. Insulin Therapy
- Lifesaving in severe hyperglycemia
- Dosage carefully adjusted for neonates
2. Oral Sulfonylureas
- Effective in KCNJ11 or ABCC8 mutations
- Can sometimes replace insulin therapy
3. Supportive Care
- Fluid and electrolyte management for dehydration
- Nutritional support for growth
4. Long-term Follow-up
- Monitor growth, development, and glucose levels
- Adjust therapy based on age and response
Early treatment prevents growth delay, neurological complications, and metabolic crises।
रोकथाम (Prevention)
- Genetic counseling in families with history of neonatal diabetes
- Prenatal genetic testing in high-risk pregnancies
- Early postnatal blood sugar monitoring for at-risk infants
सावधानियाँ (Precautions)
- Frequent blood glucose monitoring
- Avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
- Prompt recognition of vomiting, dehydration, or lethargy
- Strict adherence to prescribed insulin or sulfonylurea therapy
FAQs (अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न)
Q1. Neonatal diabetes autoimmune है?
नहीं, यह आमतौर पर genetic mutation के कारण होती है, autoimmune नहीं।
Q2. क्या यह lifelong है?
Depends on type – Transient Neonatal Diabetes कुछ महीनों में ठीक हो सकती है, Permanent Neonatal Diabetes lifelong insulin/sulfonylurea therapy मांगती है।
Q3. क्या बच्चे normal growth कर पाएंगे?
Early diagnosis और proper treatment से normal growth और development संभव है।
Q4. क्या यह परिवार में hereditary हो सकती है?
हाँ, कई cases में monogenic inheritance होती है, genetic counseling जरूरी है।
निष्कर्ष (Conclusion)
Neonatal Diabetes (नवजात शिशु मधुमेह) एक rare but treatable condition है।
Early diagnosis, genetic testing, insulin/sulfonylurea therapy और careful monitoring से growth, development और metabolic complications prevent किए जा सकते हैं।
अगर newborn में persistent hyperglycemia, dehydration या feeding issues हों, तो तुरंत pediatric endocrinologist से consultation जरूरी है।